![]() Louis Park, Minnesota, an inner suburb of Minneapolis in traditional suburbs, adding one or more mixed-use developments to provide a new or more prominent "downtown" for the community–examples include new projects in downtown Bethesda, Maryland, an inner suburb of Washington, D.C., and the Excelsior & Grand complex in St.in traditional urban neighborhoods, as part of urban renewal and/or infill, i.e., upgrading the buildings and public spaces and amenities of the neighborhood to provide more and/or better housing and a better quality of life-examples include Barracks Row in Washington, D.C., and East Liberty, Pittsburgh.as part of smart growth planning strategies. ![]() ground-level retail with upper-story residential. Contexts Įxpanded use of mixed-use zoning and mixed-use developments may be found in a variety of contexts, such as the following (multiple such contexts might apply to one particular project or situation): īarracks Row in Washington, D.C. As a result, much of Europe's central cities are mixed use "by default" and the term "mixed-use" is much more relevant regarding new areas of the city where an effort is made to mix residential and commercial activities – such as in Amsterdam's Eastern Docklands. Īmerica’s attachment to private property and the traditional 1950s suburban home, as well as deep racial and class divides, have marked the divergence in mixed-use zoning between the continents. Single family zoning is also absent in Germany and Russia where zoning codes make no distinction between different types of housing. Even zones that house the mansions and villas of the aristocrats focus on historical and architectural preservation rather than single family zoning. France similarly gravitates towards mixed-use as much of Paris is simply zoned to be “General Urban,” allowing for a variety of uses. In England, for example, hotels are included under the same umbrella as “residential,” rather than commercial as they are classified under in the US. In most of Europe, government policy has encouraged the continuation of the city center's role as a main location for business, retail, restaurant, and entertainment activity, unlike in the United States where zoning actively discouraged such mixed use for many decades. Since the 1990s, mixed-use zoning has once again become desirable as it works to combat urban sprawl and increase economic vitality. ![]() These two figures went head-to-head during much of the 1960s. The antithesis to these practices came from activist and writer, Jane Jacobs, who was a major proponent of mixed-use zoning, believing it played a key role in creating an organic, diverse, and vibrant streetscape. The heyday of separate-use zoning in the United States came after World War II when planner and New York City Parks Commissioner, Robert Moses, championed superhighways to break up functions and neighborhoods of the city. These zones were also constructed to exacerbate racial and class divisions. In the United States, the practice of zoning for single-family residential use was instigated to safeguard communities from negative externalities, including air, noise, and light pollution, associated with heavier industrial practices. Public health concerns and the protection of property values stood as the motivation behind this separation. However, with industrialization, governmental zoning regulations were introduced to separate different functions, such as manufacturing, from residential areas. Traditionally, human settlements have developed in mixed-use patterns. A mixed-use development may be a new construction, reuse of an existing building or brownfield site, or a combination. These projects may be completed by a private developer, (quasi-) governmental agency, or a combination thereof. Mixed-use development may be applied to a single building, a block or neighborhood, or in zoning policy across an entire city or other administrative unit. Mixed use is a type of urban development, urban design, urban planning and/or a zoning classification that blends multiple uses, such as residential, commercial, cultural, institutional, or entertainment, into one space, where those functions are to some degree physically and functionally integrated, and that provides pedestrian connections. Traditional mixed-use development pattern in a city center: Bitola, North Macedonia
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